In summary, then, in the Old Kingdom, in which the basis for Maatian ethics was established, several things occur. First, Maat is established as a moral order with divine, natural and social dimensions. Secondly, Maat is counterposed with isfet (evil, chaos, wrong-doing) as well as with dw (evil), grg (falsehood) and 3bt (wrong-doing). Thirdly, Maat is a standard and measure of both moral life on the personal and social level. Fourthly, Maat is tied to the concept of moral and social excellence (ikr, mnh) and resultant worthiness (im3h). Finally, the ground of Maat is that it’s God’s will, and thus the king’s will and that it is good, effective and lifegiving.
Ma’at, the Moral Ideal in AE, Karenga, pg 55
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